# orm/mapper.py
# Copyright (C) 2005-2012 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors <see AUTHORS file>
#
# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php

"""Logic to map Python classes to and from selectables.

Defines the :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.mapper.Mapper` class, the central
configurational unit which associates a class with a database table.

This is a semi-private module; the main configurational API of the ORM is
available in :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.`.

"""

import types
import weakref
import operator
from itertools import chain, groupby
deque = __import__('collections').deque

from sqlalchemy import sql, util, log, exc as sa_exc, schema
from sqlalchemy.sql import expression, visitors, operators, util as sqlutil
from sqlalchemy.orm import attributes, sync, exc as orm_exc, unitofwork
from sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces import (
    MapperProperty, EXT_CONTINUE, PropComparator
    )
from sqlalchemy.orm.util import (
     ExtensionCarrier, _INSTRUMENTOR, _class_to_mapper, 
     _state_mapper, class_mapper, instance_str, state_str,
     )
import sys
sessionlib = util.importlater("sqlalchemy.orm", "session")
properties = util.importlater("sqlalchemy.orm", "properties")

__all__ = (
    'Mapper',
    '_mapper_registry',
    'class_mapper',
    'object_mapper',
    )

_mapper_registry = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
_new_mappers = False
_already_compiling = False
_none_set = frozenset([None])

_memoized_compiled_property = util.group_expirable_memoized_property()

# a list of MapperExtensions that will be installed in all mappers by default
global_extensions = []

# a constant returned by _get_attr_by_column to indicate
# this mapper is not handling an attribute for a particular
# column
NO_ATTRIBUTE = util.symbol('NO_ATTRIBUTE')

# lock used to synchronize the "mapper compile" step
_COMPILE_MUTEX = util.threading.RLock()

class Mapper(object):
    """Define the correlation of class attributes to database table
    columns.

    Instances of this class should be constructed via the
    :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.mapper` function.

    """
    def __init__(self,
                 class_,
                 local_table,
                 properties = None,
                 primary_key = None,
                 non_primary = False,
                 inherits = None,
                 inherit_condition = None,
                 inherit_foreign_keys = None,
                 extension = None,
                 order_by = False,
                 always_refresh = False,
                 version_id_col = None,
                 version_id_generator = None,
                 polymorphic_on=None,
                 _polymorphic_map=None,
                 polymorphic_identity=None,
                 concrete=False,
                 with_polymorphic=None,
                 allow_null_pks=None,
                 allow_partial_pks=True,
                 batch=True,
                 column_prefix=None,
                 include_properties=None,
                 exclude_properties=None,
                 passive_updates=True,
                 eager_defaults=False,
                 _compiled_cache_size=100,
                 ):
        """Construct a new mapper.

        Mappers are normally constructed via the
        :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.mapper` function.  See for details.

        """

        self.class_ = util.assert_arg_type(class_, type, 'class_')

        self.class_manager = None

        self.primary_key_argument = util.to_list(primary_key)
        self.non_primary = non_primary

        if order_by is not False:
            self.order_by = util.to_list(order_by)
        else:
            self.order_by = order_by

        self.always_refresh = always_refresh
        self.version_id_col = version_id_col
        self.version_id_generator = version_id_generator or \
                                        (lambda x:(x or 0) + 1)
        self.concrete = concrete
        self.single = False
        self.inherits = inherits
        self.local_table = local_table
        self.inherit_condition = inherit_condition
        self.inherit_foreign_keys = inherit_foreign_keys
        self.extension = extension
        self._init_properties = properties or {}
        self.delete_orphans = []
        self.batch = batch
        self.eager_defaults = eager_defaults
        self.column_prefix = column_prefix
        self.polymorphic_on = polymorphic_on
        self._dependency_processors = []
        self._validators = {}
        self.passive_updates = passive_updates
        self._clause_adapter = None
        self._requires_row_aliasing = False
        self._inherits_equated_pairs = None
        self._memoized_values = {}
        self._compiled_cache_size = _compiled_cache_size

        if allow_null_pks:
            util.warn_deprecated(
                    "the allow_null_pks option to Mapper() is "
                    "deprecated.  It is now allow_partial_pks=False|True, "
                    "defaults to True.")
            allow_partial_pks = allow_null_pks

        self.allow_partial_pks = allow_partial_pks

        if with_polymorphic == '*':
            self.with_polymorphic = ('*', None)
        elif isinstance(with_polymorphic, (tuple, list)):
            if isinstance(with_polymorphic[0], (basestring, tuple, list)):
                self.with_polymorphic = with_polymorphic
            else:
                self.with_polymorphic = (with_polymorphic, None)
        elif with_polymorphic is not None:
            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError("Invalid setting for with_polymorphic")
        else:
            self.with_polymorphic = None

        if isinstance(self.local_table, expression._SelectBaseMixin):
            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
                "When mapping against a select() construct, map against "
                "an alias() of the construct instead."
                "This because several databases don't allow a "
                "SELECT from a subquery that does not have an alias."
                )

        if self.with_polymorphic and \
                    isinstance(self.with_polymorphic[1],
                                expression._SelectBaseMixin):
            self.with_polymorphic = (self.with_polymorphic[0],
                                self.with_polymorphic[1].alias())

        # our 'polymorphic identity', a string name that when located in a
        #  result set row indicates this Mapper should be used to construct
        # the object instance for that row.
        self.polymorphic_identity = polymorphic_identity

        # a dictionary of 'polymorphic identity' names, associating those
        # names with Mappers that will be used to construct object instances
        # upon a select operation.
        if _polymorphic_map is None:
            self.polymorphic_map = {}
        else:
            self.polymorphic_map = _polymorphic_map

        if include_properties is not None:
            self.include_properties = util.to_set(include_properties)
        else:
            self.include_properties = None
        if exclude_properties:
            self.exclude_properties = util.to_set(exclude_properties)
        else:
            self.exclude_properties = None

        self.compiled = False

        # prevent this mapper from being constructed
        # while a compile() is occuring (and defer a compile()
        # until construction succeeds)
        _COMPILE_MUTEX.acquire()
        try:
            self._configure_inheritance()
            self._configure_extensions()
            self._configure_class_instrumentation()
            self._configure_properties()
            self._configure_pks()
            global _new_mappers
            _new_mappers = True
            self._log("constructed")
            self._expire_memoizations()
        finally:
            _COMPILE_MUTEX.release()

    def _configure_inheritance(self):
        """Configure settings related to inherting and/or inherited mappers
        being present."""

        # a set of all mappers which inherit from this one.
        self._inheriting_mappers = set()

        if self.inherits:
            if isinstance(self.inherits, type):
                self.inherits = class_mapper(self.inherits, compile=False)
            if not issubclass(self.class_, self.inherits.class_):
                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
                        "Class '%s' does not inherit from '%s'" % 
                        (self.class_.__name__, self.inherits.class_.__name__))
            if self.non_primary != self.inherits.non_primary:
                np = not self.non_primary and "primary" or "non-primary"
                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
                        "Inheritance of %s mapper for class '%s' is "
                        "only allowed from a %s mapper" % 
                        (np, self.class_.__name__, np))
            # inherit_condition is optional.
            if self.local_table is None:
                self.local_table = self.inherits.local_table
                self.mapped_table = self.inherits.mapped_table
                self.single = True
            elif not self.local_table is self.inherits.local_table:
                if self.concrete:
                    self.mapped_table = self.local_table
                    for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
                        if mapper.polymorphic_on is not None:
                            mapper._requires_row_aliasing = True
                else:
                    if self.inherit_condition is None:
                        # figure out inherit condition from our table to the
                        # immediate table of the inherited mapper, not its
                        # full table which could pull in other stuff we dont
                        # want (allows test/inheritance.InheritTest4 to pass)
                        self.inherit_condition = sqlutil.join_condition(
                                                    self.inherits.local_table,
                                                    self.local_table,
                                                    ignore_nonexistent_tables=True)
                    self.mapped_table = sql.join(
                                                self.inherits.mapped_table, 
                                                self.local_table,
                                                self.inherit_condition)

                    fks = util.to_set(self.inherit_foreign_keys)
                    self._inherits_equated_pairs = sqlutil.criterion_as_pairs(
                                                self.mapped_table.onclause,
                                                consider_as_foreign_keys=fks)
            else:
                self.mapped_table = self.local_table

            if self.polymorphic_identity is not None and not self.concrete:
                self._identity_class = self.inherits._identity_class
            else:
                self._identity_class = self.class_

            if self.version_id_col is None:
                self.version_id_col = self.inherits.version_id_col
                self.version_id_generator = self.inherits.version_id_generator
            elif self.inherits.version_id_col is not None and \
                self.version_id_col is not self.inherits.version_id_col:
                util.warn(
                    "Inheriting version_id_col '%s' does not match inherited "
                    "version_id_col '%s' and will not automatically populate "
                    "the inherited versioning column. "
                    "version_id_col should only be specified on "
                    "the base-most mapper that includes versioning." %
                    (self.version_id_col.description, 
                    self.inherits.version_id_col.description)
                )

            if self.order_by is False and \
                        not self.concrete and \
                        self.inherits.order_by is not False:
                self.order_by = self.inherits.order_by

            self.polymorphic_map = self.inherits.polymorphic_map
            self.batch = self.inherits.batch
            self.inherits._inheriting_mappers.add(self)
            self.base_mapper = self.inherits.base_mapper
            self.passive_updates = self.inherits.passive_updates
            self._all_tables = self.inherits._all_tables

            if self.polymorphic_identity is not None:
                self.polymorphic_map[self.polymorphic_identity] = self

            if self.polymorphic_on is None:
                for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
                    # try to set up polymorphic on using
                    # correesponding_column(); else leave
                    # as None
                    if mapper.polymorphic_on is not None:
                        self.polymorphic_on = \
                                self.mapped_table.corresponding_column(
                                                    mapper.polymorphic_on)
                        break
        else:
            self._all_tables = set()
            self.base_mapper = self
            self.mapped_table = self.local_table
            if self.polymorphic_identity is not None:
                self.polymorphic_map[self.polymorphic_identity] = self
            self._identity_class = self.class_

        if self.mapped_table is None:
            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
                    "Mapper '%s' does not have a mapped_table specified." 
                    % self)

    def _configure_extensions(self):
        """Go through the global_extensions list as well as the list
        of ``MapperExtensions`` specified for this ``Mapper`` and
        creates a linked list of those extensions.

        """
        extlist = util.OrderedSet()

        extension = self.extension
        if extension:
            for ext_obj in util.to_list(extension):
                # local MapperExtensions have already instrumented the class
                extlist.add(ext_obj)

        if self.inherits:
            for ext in self.inherits.extension:
                if ext not in extlist:
                    extlist.add(ext)
        else:
            for ext in global_extensions:
                if isinstance(ext, type):
                    ext = ext()
                if ext not in extlist:
                    extlist.add(ext)

        self.extension = ExtensionCarrier()
        for ext in extlist:
            self.extension.append(ext)

    def _configure_class_instrumentation(self):
        """If this mapper is to be a primary mapper (i.e. the
        non_primary flag is not set), associate this Mapper with the
        given class_ and entity name.

        Subsequent calls to ``class_mapper()`` for the class_/entity
        name combination will return this mapper.  Also decorate the
        `__init__` method on the mapped class to include optional
        auto-session attachment logic.

        """
        manager = attributes.manager_of_class(self.class_)

        if self.non_primary:
            if not manager or not manager.is_mapped:
                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
                    "Class %s has no primary mapper configured.  Configure "
                    "a primary mapper first before setting up a non primary "
                    "Mapper." % self.class_)
            self.class_manager = manager
            self._identity_class = manager.mapper._identity_class
            _mapper_registry[self] = True
            return

        if manager is not None:
            assert manager.class_ is self.class_
            if manager.is_mapped:
                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
                    "Class '%s' already has a primary mapper defined. "
                    "Use non_primary=True to "
                    "create a non primary Mapper.  clear_mappers() will "
                    "remove *all* current mappers from all classes." %
                    self.class_)
            #else:
                # a ClassManager may already exist as 
                # ClassManager.instrument_attribute() creates 
                # new managers for each subclass if they don't yet exist.

        _mapper_registry[self] = True

        self.extension.instrument_class(self, self.class_)

        if manager is None:
            manager = attributes.register_class(self.class_, 
                deferred_scalar_loader = _load_scalar_attributes
            )

        self.class_manager = manager

        manager.mapper = self

        # The remaining members can be added by any mapper, 
        # e_name None or not.
        if manager.info.get(_INSTRUMENTOR, False):
            return

        event_registry = manager.events
        event_registry.add_listener('on_init', _event_on_init)
        event_registry.add_listener('on_init_failure', _event_on_init_failure)
        event_registry.add_listener('on_resurrect', _event_on_resurrect)

        for key, method in util.iterate_attributes(self.class_):
            if isinstance(method, types.FunctionType):
                if hasattr(method, '__sa_reconstructor__'):
                    event_registry.add_listener('on_load', method)
                elif hasattr(method, '__sa_validators__'):
                    for name in method.__sa_validators__:
                        self._validators[name] = method

        if 'reconstruct_instance' in self.extension:
            def reconstruct(instance):
                self.extension.reconstruct_instance(self, instance)
            event_registry.add_listener('on_load', reconstruct)

        manager.info[_INSTRUMENTOR] = self

    def dispose(self):
        # Disable any attribute-based compilation.
        self.compiled = True

        if hasattr(self, '_compile_failed'):
            del self._compile_failed

        if not self.non_primary and \
            self.class_manager.is_mapped and \
            self.class_manager.mapper is self:
            attributes.unregister_class(self.class_)

    def _configure_pks(self):

        self.tables = sqlutil.find_tables(self.mapped_table)

        if not self.tables:
            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
                    "Could not find any Table objects in mapped table '%s'" 
                    % self.mapped_table)

        self._pks_by_table = {}
        self._cols_by_table = {}

        all_cols = util.column_set(chain(*[
                                col.proxy_set for col in
                                self._columntoproperty]))

        pk_cols = util.column_set(c for c in all_cols if c.primary_key)

        # identify primary key columns which are also mapped by this mapper.
        tables = set(self.tables + [self.mapped_table])
        self._all_tables.update(tables)
        for t in tables:
            if t.primary_key and pk_cols.issuperset(t.primary_key):
                # ordering is important since it determines the ordering of
                # mapper.primary_key (and therefore query.get())
                self._pks_by_table[t] =\
                                    util.ordered_column_set(t.primary_key).\
                                    intersection(pk_cols)
            self._cols_by_table[t] = \
                                    util.ordered_column_set(t.c).\
                                    intersection(all_cols)

        # determine cols that aren't expressed within our tables; mark these
        # as "read only" properties which are refreshed upon INSERT/UPDATE
        self._readonly_props = set(
            self._columntoproperty[col]
            for col in self._columntoproperty
            if not hasattr(col, 'table') or 
            col.table not in self._cols_by_table)

        # if explicit PK argument sent, add those columns to the 
        # primary key mappings
        if self.primary_key_argument:
            for k in self.primary_key_argument:
                if k.table not in self._pks_by_table:
                    self._pks_by_table[k.table] = util.OrderedSet()
                self._pks_by_table[k.table].add(k)

        # otherwise, see that we got a full PK for the mapped table
        elif self.mapped_table not in self._pks_by_table or \
                    len(self._pks_by_table[self.mapped_table]) == 0:
                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
                        "Mapper %s could not assemble any primary "
                        "key columns for mapped table '%s'" % 
                        (self, self.mapped_table.description))
        elif self.local_table not in self._pks_by_table and \
            isinstance(self.local_table, schema.Table):
            util.warn("Could not assemble any primary "
                        "keys for locally mapped table '%s' - "
                        "no rows will be persisted in this Table." 
                        % self.local_table.description)

        if self.inherits and \
                not self.concrete and \
                not self.primary_key_argument:
            # if inheriting, the "primary key" for this mapper is 
            # that of the inheriting (unless concrete or explicit)
            self.primary_key = self.inherits.primary_key
        else:
            # determine primary key from argument or mapped_table pks - 
            # reduce to the minimal set of columns
            if self.primary_key_argument:
                primary_key = sqlutil.reduce_columns(
                    [self.mapped_table.corresponding_column(c) for c in
                    self.primary_key_argument],
                    ignore_nonexistent_tables=True)
            else:
                primary_key = sqlutil.reduce_columns(
                                self._pks_by_table[self.mapped_table],
                                ignore_nonexistent_tables=True)

            if len(primary_key) == 0:
                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
                    "Mapper %s could not assemble any primary "
                    "key columns for mapped table '%s'" % 
                    (self, self.mapped_table.description))

            self.primary_key = primary_key
            self._log("Identified primary key columns: %s", primary_key)

    def _configure_properties(self):

        # Column and other ClauseElement objects which are mapped
        self.columns = self.c = util.OrderedProperties()

        # object attribute names mapped to MapperProperty objects
        self._props = util.OrderedDict()

        # table columns mapped to lists of MapperProperty objects
        # using a list allows a single column to be defined as
        # populating multiple object attributes
        self._columntoproperty = _ColumnMapping(self)

        # load custom properties
        if self._init_properties:
            for key, prop in self._init_properties.iteritems():
                self._configure_property(key, prop, False)

        # pull properties from the inherited mapper if any.
        if self.inherits:
            for key, prop in self.inherits._props.iteritems():
                if key not in self._props and \
                    not self._should_exclude(key, key, local=False, column=None):
                    self._adapt_inherited_property(key, prop, False)

        # create properties for each column in the mapped table,
        # for those columns which don't already map to a property
        for column in self.mapped_table.columns:
            if column in self._columntoproperty:
                continue

            column_key = (self.column_prefix or '') + column.key

            if self._should_exclude(
                            column.key, column_key,
                             local=self.local_table.c.contains_column(column),
                             column=column
                            ):
                continue

            # adjust the "key" used for this column to that
            # of the inheriting mapper
            for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
                if column in mapper._columntoproperty:
                    column_key = mapper._columntoproperty[column].key

            self._configure_property(column_key, 
                                    column, 
                                    init=False, 
                                    setparent=True)

        # do a special check for the "discriminiator" column, as it 
        # may only be present in the 'with_polymorphic' selectable 
        # but we need it for the base mapper
        if self.polymorphic_on is not None and \
                    self.polymorphic_on not in self._columntoproperty:
            col = self.mapped_table.corresponding_column(self.polymorphic_on)
            if col is None:
                instrument = False
                col = self.polymorphic_on
                if self.with_polymorphic is None \
                    or self.with_polymorphic[1].corresponding_column(col) \
                    is None:
                    util.warn("Could not map polymorphic_on column "
                              "'%s' to the mapped table - polymorphic "
                              "loads will not function properly"
                              % col.description)
            else:
                instrument = True
            if self._should_exclude(col.key, col.key, local=False, column=col):
                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
                    "Cannot exclude or override the discriminator column %r" %
                    col.key)

            self._configure_property(
                            col.key, 
                            properties.ColumnProperty(col, _instrument=instrument),
                            init=False, setparent=True)

    def _adapt_inherited_property(self, key, prop, init):
        if not self.concrete:
            self._configure_property(key, prop, init=False, setparent=False)
        elif key not in self._props:
            self._configure_property(
                            key, 
                            properties.ConcreteInheritedProperty(), 
                            init=init, setparent=True)

    def _configure_property(self, key, prop, init=True, setparent=True):
        self._log("_configure_property(%s, %s)", key, prop.__class__.__name__)

        if not isinstance(prop, MapperProperty):
            # we were passed a Column or a list of Columns; 
            # generate a properties.ColumnProperty
            columns = util.to_list(prop)
            column = columns[0]
            if not expression.is_column(column):
                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
                        "%s=%r is not an instance of MapperProperty or Column"
                        % (key, prop))

            prop = self._props.get(key, None)

            if isinstance(prop, properties.ColumnProperty):
                # TODO: the "property already exists" case is still not 
                # well defined here. assuming single-column, etc.

                if prop.parent is not self:
                    # existing properties.ColumnProperty from an inheriting mapper.
                    # make a copy and append our column to it
                    prop = prop.copy()
                else:
                    util.warn(
                            "Implicitly combining column %s with column "
                            "%s under attribute '%s'.  This usage will be "
                            "prohibited in 0.7.  Please configure one "
                            "or more attributes for these same-named columns "
                            "explicitly."
                             % (prop.columns[-1], column, key))

                # this hypothetically changes to 
                # prop.columns.insert(0, column) when we do [ticket:1892]
                prop.columns.append(column)
                self._log("appending to existing properties.ColumnProperty %s" % (key))

            elif prop is None or isinstance(prop, properties.ConcreteInheritedProperty):
                mapped_column = []
                for c in columns:
                    mc = self.mapped_table.corresponding_column(c)
                    if mc is None:
                        mc = self.local_table.corresponding_column(c)
                        if mc is not None:
                            # if the column is in the local table but not the
                            # mapped table, this corresponds to adding a
                            # column after the fact to the local table.
                            # [ticket:1523]
                            self.mapped_table._reset_exported()
                        mc = self.mapped_table.corresponding_column(c)
                        if mc is None:
                            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
                            "When configuring property '%s' on %s, "
                            "column '%s' is not represented in the mapper's "
                            "table. Use the `column_property()` function to "
                            "force this column to be mapped as a read-only "
                            "attribute." % (key, self, c))
                    mapped_column.append(mc)
                prop = properties.ColumnProperty(*mapped_column)
            else:
                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
                    "WARNING: when configuring property '%s' on %s, "
                    "column '%s' conflicts with property '%r'. "
                    "To resolve this, map the column to the class under a "
                    "different name in the 'properties' dictionary.  Or, "
                    "to remove all awareness of the column entirely "
                    "(including its availability as a foreign key), "
                    "use the 'include_properties' or 'exclude_properties' "
                    "mapper arguments to control specifically which table "
                    "columns get mapped." % 
                    (key, self, column.key, prop))

        if isinstance(prop, properties.ColumnProperty):
            col = self.mapped_table.corresponding_column(prop.columns[0])

            # if the column is not present in the mapped table, 
            # test if a column has been added after the fact to the 
            # parent table (or their parent, etc.) [ticket:1570]
            if col is None and self.inherits:
                path = [self]
                for m in self.inherits.iterate_to_root():
                    col = m.local_table.corresponding_column(prop.columns[0])
                    if col is not None:
                        for m2 in path:
                            m2.mapped_table._reset_exported()
                        col = self.mapped_table.corresponding_column(
                                                prop.columns[0])
                        break
                    path.append(m)

            # otherwise, col might not be present! the selectable given 
            # to the mapper need not include "deferred"
            # columns (included in zblog tests)
            if col is None:
                col = prop.columns[0]

                # column is coming in after _readonly_props was 
                # initialized; check for 'readonly'
                if hasattr(self, '_readonly_props') and \
                    (not hasattr(col, 'table') or 
                    col.table not in self._cols_by_table):
                        self._readonly_props.add(prop)

            else:
                # if column is coming in after _cols_by_table was 
                # initialized, ensure the col is in the right set
                if hasattr(self, '_cols_by_table') and \
                                    col.table in self._cols_by_table and \
                                    col not in self._cols_by_table[col.table]:
                    self._cols_by_table[col.table].add(col)

            # if this properties.ColumnProperty represents the "polymorphic
            # discriminator" column, mark it.  We'll need this when rendering
            # columns in SELECT statements.
            if not hasattr(prop, '_is_polymorphic_discriminator'):
                prop._is_polymorphic_discriminator = \
                                    (col is self.polymorphic_on or
                                    prop.columns[0] is self.polymorphic_on)

            self.columns[key] = col
            for col in prop.columns:
                for col in col.proxy_set:
                    self._columntoproperty[col] = prop

        prop.key = key

        if setparent:
            prop.set_parent(self, init)

        if key in self._props and \
                getattr(self._props[key], '_mapped_by_synonym', False):
            syn = self._props[key]._mapped_by_synonym
            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
                        "Can't call map_column=True for synonym %r=%r, "
                        "a ColumnProperty already exists keyed to the name "
                        "%r for column %r" % (syn, key, key, syn)
                    )

        self._props[key] = prop

        if not self.non_primary:
            prop.instrument_class(self)

        for mapper in self._inheriting_mappers:
            mapper._adapt_inherited_property(key, prop, init)

        if init:
            prop.init()
            prop.post_instrument_class(self)


    def compile(self):
        """Compile this mapper and all other non-compiled mappers.

        This method checks the local compiled status as well as for
        any new mappers that have been defined, and is safe to call
        repeatedly.

        """
        global _new_mappers
        if self.compiled and not _new_mappers:
            return self

        _COMPILE_MUTEX.acquire()
        try:
            try:
                global _already_compiling
                if _already_compiling:
                    return
                _already_compiling = True
                try:

                    # double-check inside mutex
                    if self.compiled and not _new_mappers:
                        return self

                    # initialize properties on all mappers
                    # note that _mapper_registry is unordered, which 
                    # may randomly conceal/reveal issues related to 
                    # the order of mapper compilation
                    for mapper in list(_mapper_registry):
                        if getattr(mapper, '_compile_failed', False):
                            e = sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
                                    "One or more mappers failed to initialize - "
                                    "can't proceed with initialization of other "
                                    "mappers.  Original exception was: %s"
                                    % mapper._compile_failed)
                            e._compile_failed = mapper._compile_failed
                            raise e
                        if not mapper.compiled:
                            mapper._post_configure_properties()

                    _new_mappers = False
                    return self
                finally:
                    _already_compiling = False
            except:
                exc = sys.exc_info()[1]
                if not hasattr(exc, '_compile_failed'):
                    self._compile_failed = exc
                raise
        finally:
            self._expire_memoizations()
            _COMPILE_MUTEX.release()

    def _post_configure_properties(self):
        """Call the ``init()`` method on all ``MapperProperties``
        attached to this mapper.

        This is a deferred configuration step which is intended
        to execute once all mappers have been constructed.

        """

        self._log("_post_configure_properties() started")
        l = [(key, prop) for key, prop in self._props.iteritems()]
        for key, prop in l:
            self._log("initialize prop %s", key)

            if prop.parent is self and not prop._compile_started:
                prop.init()

            if prop._compile_finished:
                prop.post_instrument_class(self)

        self._log("_post_configure_properties() complete")
        self.compiled = True

    def add_properties(self, dict_of_properties):
        """Add the given dictionary of properties to this mapper,
        using `add_property`.

        """
        for key, value in dict_of_properties.iteritems():
            self.add_property(key, value)

    def add_property(self, key, prop):
        """Add an individual MapperProperty to this mapper.

        If the mapper has not been compiled yet, just adds the
        property to the initial properties dictionary sent to the
        constructor.  If this Mapper has already been compiled, then
        the given MapperProperty is compiled immediately.

        """
        self._init_properties[key] = prop
        self._configure_property(key, prop, init=self.compiled)
        self._expire_memoizations()

    def _expire_memoizations(self):
        for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
            _memoized_compiled_property.expire_instance(mapper)

    @property
    def _log_desc(self):
        return "(" + self.class_.__name__ + \
            "|" + \
            (self.local_table is not None and 
                self.local_table.description or 
                str(self.local_table)) +\
            (self.non_primary and 
            "|non-primary" or "") + ")"

    def _log(self, msg, *args):

        self.logger.info(
            "%s " + msg, *((self._log_desc,) + args)
        )

    def _log_debug(self, msg, *args):
        self.logger.debug(
            "%s " + msg, *((self._log_desc,) + args)
        )

    def __repr__(self):
        return '<Mapper at 0x%x; %s>' % (
            id(self), self.class_.__name__)

    def __str__(self):
        return "Mapper|%s|%s%s" % (
            self.class_.__name__,
            self.local_table is not None and 
            self.local_table.description or None,
            self.non_primary and "|non-primary" or ""
        )

    def _is_orphan(self, state):
        o = False
        for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
            for (key, cls) in mapper.delete_orphans:
                if attributes.manager_of_class(cls).has_parent(
                    state, key, optimistic=state.has_identity):
                    return False
            o = o or bool(mapper.delete_orphans)
        return o

    def has_property(self, key):
        return key in self._props

    def get_property(self, key, 
                            resolve_synonyms=False, 
                            raiseerr=True, _compile_mappers=True):

        """return a :class:`.MapperProperty` associated with the given key.

        resolve_synonyms=False and raiseerr=False are deprecated.

        """

        if _compile_mappers and not self.compiled:
            self.compile()

        if not resolve_synonyms:
            prop = self._props.get(key, None)
            if prop is None and raiseerr:
                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
                        "Mapper '%s' has no property '%s'" % 
                        (self, key))
            return prop
        else:
            try:
                return getattr(self.class_, key).property
            except AttributeError:
                if raiseerr:
                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
                        "Mapper '%s' has no property '%s'" % (self, key))
                else:
                    return None

    @util.deprecated('0.6.4',
                     'Call to deprecated function mapper._get_col_to_pr'
                     'op(). Use mapper.get_property_by_column()')
    def _get_col_to_prop(self, col):
        return self._columntoproperty[col]

    def get_property_by_column(self, column):
        """Given a :class:`.Column` object, return the
        :class:`.MapperProperty` which maps this column."""

        return self._columntoproperty[column]

    @property
    def iterate_properties(self):
        """return an iterator of all MapperProperty objects."""
        if not self.compiled:
            self.compile()
        return self._props.itervalues()

    def _mappers_from_spec(self, spec, selectable):
        """given a with_polymorphic() argument, return the set of mappers it
        represents.

        Trims the list of mappers to just those represented within the given
        selectable, if present. This helps some more legacy-ish mappings.

        """
        if spec == '*':
            mappers = list(self.self_and_descendants)
        elif spec:
            mappers = [_class_to_mapper(m) for m in util.to_list(spec)]
            for m in mappers:
                if not m.isa(self):
                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
                                "%r does not inherit from %r"  % 
                                (m, self))
        else:
            mappers = []

        if selectable is not None:
            tables = set(sqlutil.find_tables(selectable,
                            include_aliases=True))
            mappers = [m for m in mappers if m.local_table in tables]

        return mappers

    def _selectable_from_mappers(self, mappers):
        """given a list of mappers (assumed to be within this mapper's
        inheritance hierarchy), construct an outerjoin amongst those mapper's
        mapped tables.

        """

        from_obj = self.mapped_table
        for m in mappers:
            if m is self:
                continue
            if m.concrete:
                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
                        "'with_polymorphic()' requires 'selectable' argument "
                        "when concrete-inheriting mappers are used.")
            elif not m.single:
                from_obj = from_obj.outerjoin(m.local_table,
                                                m.inherit_condition)

        return from_obj

    @_memoized_compiled_property
    def _single_table_criterion(self):
        if self.single and \
            self.inherits and \
            self.polymorphic_on is not None:
            return self.polymorphic_on.in_(
                m.polymorphic_identity
                for m in self.self_and_descendants)
        else:
            return None

    @_memoized_compiled_property
    def _with_polymorphic_mappers(self):
        if not self.with_polymorphic:
            return [self]
        return self._mappers_from_spec(*self.with_polymorphic)

    @_memoized_compiled_property
    def _with_polymorphic_selectable(self):
        if not self.with_polymorphic:
            return self.mapped_table

        spec, selectable = self.with_polymorphic
        if selectable is not None:
            return selectable
        else:
            return self._selectable_from_mappers(
                            self._mappers_from_spec(spec, selectable))

    def _with_polymorphic_args(self, spec=None, selectable=False):
        if self.with_polymorphic:
            if not spec:
                spec = self.with_polymorphic[0]
            if selectable is False:
                selectable = self.with_polymorphic[1]

        mappers = self._mappers_from_spec(spec, selectable)
        if selectable is not None:
            return mappers, selectable
        else:
            return mappers, self._selectable_from_mappers(mappers)

    @_memoized_compiled_property
    def _polymorphic_properties(self):
        return tuple(self._iterate_polymorphic_properties(
            self._with_polymorphic_mappers))

    def _iterate_polymorphic_properties(self, mappers=None):
        """Return an iterator of MapperProperty objects which will render into
        a SELECT."""

        if mappers is None:
            mappers = self._with_polymorphic_mappers

        if not mappers:
            for c in self.iterate_properties:
                yield c
        else:
            # in the polymorphic case, filter out discriminator columns
            # from other mappers, as these are sometimes dependent on that
            # mapper's polymorphic selectable (which we don't want rendered)
            for c in util.unique_list(
                chain(*[list(mapper.iterate_properties) for mapper in [self] +
                        mappers])
            ):
                if getattr(c, '_is_polymorphic_discriminator', False) and \
                        (self.polymorphic_on is None or 
                        c.columns[0] is not self.polymorphic_on):
                        continue
                yield c

    @property
    def properties(self):
        raise NotImplementedError(
                    "Public collection of MapperProperty objects is "
                    "provided by the get_property() and iterate_properties "
                    "accessors.")

    @_memoized_compiled_property
    def _get_clause(self):
        """create a "get clause" based on the primary key.  this is used
        by query.get() and many-to-one lazyloads to load this item
        by primary key.

        """
        params = [(primary_key, sql.bindparam(None, type_=primary_key.type))
                  for primary_key in self.primary_key]
        return sql.and_(*[k==v for (k, v) in params]), \
                util.column_dict(params)

    @_memoized_compiled_property
    def _equivalent_columns(self):
        """Create a map of all *equivalent* columns, based on
        the determination of column pairs that are equated to
        one another based on inherit condition.  This is designed
        to work with the queries that util.polymorphic_union
        comes up with, which often don't include the columns from
        the base table directly (including the subclass table columns
        only).

        The resulting structure is a dictionary of columns mapped
        to lists of equivalent columns, i.e.

        {
            tablea.col1:
                set([tableb.col1, tablec.col1]),
            tablea.col2:
                set([tabled.col2])
        }

        """
        result = util.column_dict()
        def visit_binary(binary):
            if binary.operator == operators.eq:
                if binary.left in result:
                    result[binary.left].add(binary.right)
                else:
                    result[binary.left] = util.column_set((binary.right,))
                if binary.right in result:
                    result[binary.right].add(binary.left)
                else:
                    result[binary.right] = util.column_set((binary.left,))
        for mapper in self.base_mapper.self_and_descendants:
            if mapper.inherit_condition is not None:
                visitors.traverse(
                                    mapper.inherit_condition, {},
                                    {'binary':visit_binary})

        return result

    def _is_userland_descriptor(self, obj):
        return not isinstance(obj, 
                    (MapperProperty, attributes.InstrumentedAttribute)) and \
                    hasattr(obj, '__get__')

    def _should_exclude(self, name, assigned_name, local, column):
        """determine whether a particular property should be implicitly
        present on the class.

        This occurs when properties are propagated from an inherited class, or
        are applied from the columns present in the mapped table.

        """

        # check for descriptors, either local or from
        # an inherited class
        if local:
            if self.class_.__dict__.get(assigned_name, None) is not None \
                and self._is_userland_descriptor(
                            self.class_.__dict__[assigned_name]):
                return True
        else:
            if getattr(self.class_, assigned_name, None) is not None \
                and self._is_userland_descriptor(
                            getattr(self.class_, assigned_name)):
                return True

        if self.include_properties is not None and \
                name not in self.include_properties and \
                (column is None or column not in self.include_properties):
            self._log("not including property %s" % (name))
            return True

        if self.exclude_properties is not None and \
            (
                name in self.exclude_properties or \
                (column is not None and column in self.exclude_properties)
            ):
            self._log("excluding property %s" % (name))
            return True

        return False

    def common_parent(self, other):
        """Return true if the given mapper shares a common inherited parent as
        this mapper."""

        return self.base_mapper is other.base_mapper

    def _canload(self, state, allow_subtypes):
        s = self.primary_mapper()
        if self.polymorphic_on is not None or allow_subtypes:
            return _state_mapper(state).isa(s)
        else:
            return _state_mapper(state) is s

    def isa(self, other):
        """Return True if the this mapper inherits from the given mapper."""

        m = self
        while m and m is not other:
            m = m.inherits
        return bool(m)

    def iterate_to_root(self):
        m = self
        while m:
            yield m
            m = m.inherits

    @_memoized_compiled_property
    def self_and_descendants(self):
        """The collection including this mapper and all descendant mappers.

        This includes not just the immediately inheriting mappers but
        all their inheriting mappers as well.

        """
        descendants = []
        stack = deque([self])
        while stack:
            item = stack.popleft()
            descendants.append(item)
            stack.extend(item._inheriting_mappers)
        return tuple(descendants)

    def polymorphic_iterator(self):
        """Iterate through the collection including this mapper and
        all descendant mappers.

        This includes not just the immediately inheriting mappers but
        all their inheriting mappers as well.

        To iterate through an entire hierarchy, use
        ``mapper.base_mapper.polymorphic_iterator()``.

        """
        return iter(self.self_and_descendants)

    def primary_mapper(self):
        """Return the primary mapper corresponding to this mapper's class key
        (class)."""

        return self.class_manager.mapper

    @property
    def primary_base_mapper(self):
        return self.class_manager.mapper.base_mapper

    def identity_key_from_row(self, row, adapter=None):
        """Return an identity-map key for use in storing/retrieving an
        item from the identity map.

        row
          A ``sqlalchemy.engine.base.RowProxy`` instance or a
          dictionary corresponding result-set ``ColumnElement``
          instances to their values within a row.

        """
        pk_cols = self.primary_key
        if adapter:
            pk_cols = [adapter.columns[c] for c in pk_cols]

        return self._identity_class, \
                tuple(row[column] for column in pk_cols)

    def identity_key_from_primary_key(self, primary_key):
        """Return an identity-map key for use in storing/retrieving an
        item from an identity map.

        primary_key
          A list of values indicating the identifier.

        """
        return self._identity_class, tuple(util.to_list(primary_key))

    def identity_key_from_instance(self, instance):
        """Return the identity key for the given instance, based on
        its primary key attributes.

        This value is typically also found on the instance state under the
        attribute name `key`.

        """
        return self.identity_key_from_primary_key(
                        self.primary_key_from_instance(instance))

    def _identity_key_from_state(self, state):
        return self.identity_key_from_primary_key(
                        self._primary_key_from_state(state))

    def primary_key_from_instance(self, instance):
        """Return the list of primary key values for the given
        instance.

        """
        state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
        return self._primary_key_from_state(state)

    def _primary_key_from_state(self, state):
        dict_ = state.dict
        return [self._get_state_attr_by_column(state, dict_, column) for
                column in self.primary_key]

    # TODO: improve names?
    def _get_state_attr_by_column(self, state, dict_, column, passive=False):
        return self._columntoproperty[column]._getattr(state, dict_, column, passive=passive)

    def _set_state_attr_by_column(self, state, dict_, column, value):
        return self._columntoproperty[column]._setattr(state, dict_, value, column)

    def _get_committed_attr_by_column(self, obj, column):
        state = attributes.instance_state(obj)
        dict_ = attributes.instance_dict(obj)
        return self._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(state, dict_, column)

    def _get_committed_state_attr_by_column(self, state, dict_, column,
                                                    passive=False):
        return self._columntoproperty[column]._getcommitted(
            state, dict_, column, passive=passive)

    def _optimized_get_statement(self, state, attribute_names):
        """assemble a WHERE clause which retrieves a given state by primary
        key, using a minimized set of tables.

        Applies to a joined-table inheritance mapper where the 
        requested attribute names are only present on joined tables,
        not the base table.  The WHERE clause attempts to include 
        only those tables to minimize joins.

        """
        props = self._props

        tables = set(chain(
                        *[sqlutil.find_tables(c, check_columns=True) 
                        for key in attribute_names
                        for c in props[key].columns]
                    ))

        if self.base_mapper.local_table in tables:
            return None

        class ColumnsNotAvailable(Exception):
            pass

        def visit_binary(binary):
            leftcol = binary.left
            rightcol = binary.right
            if leftcol is None or rightcol is None:
                return

            if leftcol.table not in tables:
                leftval = self._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
                                                    state, state.dict, 
                                                    leftcol, passive=True)
                if leftval is attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT or leftval is None:
                    raise ColumnsNotAvailable()
                binary.left = sql.bindparam(None, leftval,
                                            type_=binary.right.type)
            elif rightcol.table not in tables:
                rightval = self._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
                                                    state, state.dict, 
                                                    rightcol, passive=True)
                if rightval is attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT or rightval is None:
                    raise ColumnsNotAvailable()
                binary.right = sql.bindparam(None, rightval,
                                            type_=binary.right.type)

        allconds = []

        try:
            start = False
            for mapper in reversed(list(self.iterate_to_root())):
                if mapper.local_table in tables:
                    start = True
                if start and not mapper.single:
                    allconds.append(visitors.cloned_traverse(
                                                mapper.inherit_condition, 
                                                {}, 
                                                {'binary':visit_binary}
                                        )
                                    )
        except ColumnsNotAvailable:
            return None

        cond = sql.and_(*allconds)

        cols = []
        for key in attribute_names:
            cols.extend(props[key].columns)
        return sql.select(cols, cond, use_labels=True)

    def cascade_iterator(self, type_, state, halt_on=None):
        """Iterate each element and its mapper in an object graph,
        for all relationships that meet the given cascade rule.

        :param type_:
          The name of the cascade rule (i.e. save-update, delete,
          etc.)

        :param state:
          The lead InstanceState.  child items will be processed per
          the relationships defined for this object's mapper.

        the return value are object instances; this provides a strong
        reference so that they don't fall out of scope immediately.

        """
        visited_instances = util.IdentitySet()
        prp, mpp = object(), object()

        visitables = [(deque(self._props.values()), prp, state)]

        while visitables:
            iterator, item_type, parent_state = visitables[-1]
            if not iterator:
                visitables.pop()
                continue

            if item_type is prp:
                prop = iterator.popleft()
                if type_ not in prop.cascade:
                    continue
                queue = deque(prop.cascade_iterator(type_, parent_state, 
                            visited_instances, halt_on))
                if queue:
                    visitables.append((queue,mpp, None))
            elif item_type is mpp:
                instance, instance_mapper, corresponding_state  = \
                                iterator.popleft()
                yield (instance, instance_mapper)
                visitables.append((deque(instance_mapper._props.values()), 
                                        prp, corresponding_state))

    @_memoized_compiled_property
    def _compiled_cache(self):
        return util.LRUCache(self._compiled_cache_size)

    @_memoized_compiled_property
    def _sorted_tables(self):
        table_to_mapper = {}
        for mapper in self.base_mapper.self_and_descendants:
            for t in mapper.tables:
                table_to_mapper[t] = mapper

        sorted_ = sqlutil.sort_tables(table_to_mapper.iterkeys())
        ret = util.OrderedDict()
        for t in sorted_:
            ret[t] = table_to_mapper[t]
        return ret

    def _per_mapper_flush_actions(self, uow):
        saves = unitofwork.SaveUpdateAll(uow, self.base_mapper)
        deletes = unitofwork.DeleteAll(uow, self.base_mapper)
        uow.dependencies.add((saves, deletes))

        for dep in self._dependency_processors:
            dep.per_property_preprocessors(uow)

        for prop in self._props.values():
            prop.per_property_preprocessors(uow)

    def _per_state_flush_actions(self, uow, states, isdelete):

        base_mapper = self.base_mapper
        save_all = unitofwork.SaveUpdateAll(uow, base_mapper)
        delete_all = unitofwork.DeleteAll(uow, base_mapper)
        for state in states:
            # keep saves before deletes -
            # this ensures 'row switch' operations work
            if isdelete:
                action = unitofwork.DeleteState(uow, state, base_mapper)
                uow.dependencies.add((save_all, action))
            else:
                action = unitofwork.SaveUpdateState(uow, state, base_mapper)
                uow.dependencies.add((action, delete_all))

            yield action

    def _memo(self, key, callable_):
        if key in self._memoized_values:
            return self._memoized_values[key]
        else:
            self._memoized_values[key] = value = callable_()
            return value

    def _post_update(self, states, uowtransaction, post_update_cols):
        """Issue UPDATE statements on behalf of a relationship() which
        specifies post_update.

        """
        cached_connections = util.PopulateDict(
            lambda conn:conn.execution_options(
            compiled_cache=self._compiled_cache
        ))

        # if session has a connection callable,
        # organize individual states with the connection 
        # to use for update
        if 'connection_callable' in uowtransaction.mapper_flush_opts:
            connection_callable = \
                    uowtransaction.mapper_flush_opts['connection_callable']
        else:
            connection = uowtransaction.transaction.connection(self)
            connection_callable = None

        tups = []
        for state in _sort_states(states):
            if connection_callable:
                conn = connection_callable(self, state.obj())
            else:
                conn = connection

            mapper = _state_mapper(state)

            tups.append((state, state.dict, mapper, conn))

        table_to_mapper = self._sorted_tables

        for table in table_to_mapper:
            update = []

            for state, state_dict, mapper, connection in tups:
                if table not in mapper._pks_by_table:
                    continue

                pks = mapper._pks_by_table[table]
                params = {}
                hasdata = False

                for col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]:
                    if col in pks:
                        params[col._label] = \
                                mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
                                                state,
                                                state_dict, col)
                    elif col in post_update_cols:
                        prop = mapper._columntoproperty[col]
                        history = attributes.get_state_history(
                                        state, prop.key, passive=True)
                        if history.added:
                            params[col.key] = \
                                prop.get_col_value(col,
                                                    history.added[0])
                            hasdata = True
                if hasdata:
                    update.append((state, state_dict, params, mapper, 
                                    connection))

            if update:
                mapper = table_to_mapper[table]

                def update_stmt():
                    clause = sql.and_()

                    for col in mapper._pks_by_table[table]:
                        clause.clauses.append(col == sql.bindparam(col._label,
                                                        type_=col.type))

                    return table.update(clause)

                statement = self._memo(('post_update', table), update_stmt)

                # execute each UPDATE in the order according to the original
                # list of states to guarantee row access order, but
                # also group them into common (connection, cols) sets 
                # to support executemany().
                for key, grouper in groupby(
                    update, lambda rec: (rec[4], rec[2].keys())
                ):
                    multiparams = [params for state, state_dict, 
                                            params, mapper, conn in grouper]
                    cached_connections[connection].\
                                        execute(statement, multiparams)

    def _save_obj(self, states, uowtransaction, single=False):
        """Issue ``INSERT`` and/or ``UPDATE`` statements for a list 
        of objects.

        This is called within the context of a UOWTransaction during a
        flush operation.

        `_save_obj` issues SQL statements not just for instances mapped
        directly by this mapper, but for instances mapped by all
        inheriting mappers as well.  This is to maintain proper insert
        ordering among a polymorphic chain of instances. Therefore
        _save_obj is typically called only on a *base mapper*, or a
        mapper which does not inherit from any other mapper.

        """

        # if batch=false, call _save_obj separately for each object
        if not single and not self.batch:
            for state in _sort_states(states):
                self._save_obj([state], 
                                uowtransaction, 
                                single=True)
            return

        # if session has a connection callable,
        # organize individual states with the connection 
        # to use for insert/update
        if 'connection_callable' in uowtransaction.mapper_flush_opts:
            connection_callable = \
                    uowtransaction.mapper_flush_opts['connection_callable']
        else:
            connection = uowtransaction.transaction.connection(self)
            connection_callable = None

        tups = []

        for state in _sort_states(states):
            if connection_callable:
                conn = connection_callable(self, state.obj())
            else:
                conn = connection

            has_identity = state.has_identity
            mapper = _state_mapper(state)
            instance_key = state.key or mapper._identity_key_from_state(state)

            row_switch = None
            # call before_XXX extensions
            if not has_identity:
                if 'before_insert' in mapper.extension:
                    mapper.extension.before_insert(
                                        mapper, conn, state.obj())
            else:
                if 'before_update' in mapper.extension:
                    mapper.extension.before_update(
                                        mapper, conn, state.obj())

            # detect if we have a "pending" instance (i.e. has 
            # no instance_key attached to it), and another instance 
            # with the same identity key already exists as persistent. 
            # convert to an UPDATE if so.
            if not has_identity and \
                instance_key in uowtransaction.session.identity_map:
                instance = \
                    uowtransaction.session.identity_map[instance_key]
                existing = attributes.instance_state(instance)
                if not uowtransaction.is_deleted(existing):
                    raise orm_exc.FlushError(
                        "New instance %s with identity key %s conflicts "
                        "with persistent instance %s" % 
                        (state_str(state), instance_key,
                         state_str(existing)))

                self._log_debug(
                    "detected row switch for identity %s.  "
                    "will update %s, remove %s from "
                    "transaction", instance_key, 
                    state_str(state), state_str(existing))

                # remove the "delete" flag from the existing element
                uowtransaction.remove_state_actions(existing)
                row_switch = existing

            tups.append(
                (state, state.dict, mapper, conn, 
                has_identity, instance_key, row_switch)
            )

        # dictionary of connection->connection_with_cache_options.
        cached_connections = util.PopulateDict(
            lambda conn:conn.execution_options(
            compiled_cache=self._compiled_cache
        ))

        table_to_mapper = self._sorted_tables

        for table in table_to_mapper:
            insert = []
            update = []

            for state, state_dict, mapper, connection, has_identity, \
                            instance_key, row_switch in tups:
                if table not in mapper._pks_by_table:
                    continue

                pks = mapper._pks_by_table[table]

                isinsert = not has_identity and \
                                not row_switch

                params = {}
                value_params = {}
                hasdata = False

                if isinsert:
                    for col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]:
                        if col is mapper.version_id_col:
                            params[col.key] = \
                              mapper.version_id_generator(None)
                        elif mapper.polymorphic_on is not None and \
                                mapper.polymorphic_on.shares_lineage(col):
                            value = mapper.polymorphic_identity
                            if ((col.default is None and
                                 col.server_default is None) or
                                value is not None):
                                params[col.key] = value
                        elif col in pks:
                            value = \
                             mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
                                                state, state_dict, col)
                            if value is not None:
                                params[col.key] = value
                        else:
                            value = \
                              mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
                                                state, state_dict, col)
                            if ((col.default is None and
                                 col.server_default is None) or
                                value is not None):
                                if isinstance(value, sql.ClauseElement):
                                    value_params[col] = value
                                else:
                                    params[col.key] = value
                    insert.append((state, state_dict, params, mapper, 
                                    connection, value_params))
                else:
                    for col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]:
                        if col is mapper.version_id_col:
                            params[col._label] = \
                                mapper._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
                                            row_switch or state, 
                                            row_switch and row_switch.dict 
                                                        or state_dict,
                                            col)

                            prop = mapper._columntoproperty[col]
                            history = attributes.get_state_history(
                                state, prop.key, passive=True
                            )
                            if history.added:
                                params[col.key] = history.added[0]
                                hasdata = True
                            else:
                                params[col.key] = \
                                            mapper.version_id_generator(
                                                params[col._label])

                                # HACK: check for history, in case the 
                                # history is only
                                # in a different table than the one 
                                # where the version_id_col is.
                                for prop in mapper._columntoproperty.\
                                                        itervalues():
                                    history = attributes.get_state_history(
                                                    state, prop.key, 
                                                    passive=True)
                                    if history.added:
                                        hasdata = True
                        elif mapper.polymorphic_on is not None and \
                            mapper.polymorphic_on.shares_lineage(col) and \
                                col not in pks:
                            pass
                        else:
                            prop = mapper._columntoproperty[col]
                            history = attributes.get_state_history(
                                            state, prop.key, passive=True)
                            if history.added:
                                if isinstance(history.added[0],
                                                sql.ClauseElement):
                                    value_params[col] = history.added[0]
                                else:
                                    params[col.key] = \
                                        prop.get_col_value(col,
                                                            history.added[0])

                                if col in pks:
                                    if history.deleted:
                                        # if passive_updates and sync detected
                                        # this was a  pk->pk sync, use the new
                                        # value to locate the row, since the
                                        # DB would already have set this
                                        if ("pk_cascaded", state, col) in \
                                                        uowtransaction.\
                                                        attributes:
                                            params[col._label] = \
                                                    prop.get_col_value(col,
                                                        history.added[0])
                                        else:
                                            # use the old value to 
                                            # locate the row
                                            params[col._label] = \
                                                    prop.get_col_value(col,
                                                        history.deleted[0])
                                        hasdata = True
                                    else:
                                        # row switch logic can reach us here
                                        # remove the pk from the update params
                                        # so the update doesn't
                                        # attempt to include the pk in the
                                        # update statement
                                        del params[col.key]
                                        params[col._label] = \
                                                    prop.get_col_value(col,
                                                      history.added[0])
                                else:
                                    hasdata = True
                            elif col in pks:
                                params[col._label] = \
                                        mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
                                                        state,
                                                        state_dict, col)
                    if hasdata:
                        update.append((state, state_dict, params, mapper, 
                                        connection, value_params))

            if update:
                mapper = table_to_mapper[table]

                needs_version_id = mapper.version_id_col is not None and \
                            table.c.contains_column(mapper.version_id_col)

                def update_stmt():
                    clause = sql.and_()

                    for col in mapper._pks_by_table[table]:
                        clause.clauses.append(col == sql.bindparam(col._label,
                                                        type_=col.type))

                    if needs_version_id:
                        clause.clauses.append(mapper.version_id_col ==\
                                sql.bindparam(mapper.version_id_col._label,
                                                type_=col.type))

                    return table.update(clause)

                statement = self._memo(('update', table), update_stmt)

                rows = 0
                for state, state_dict, params, mapper, \
                            connection, value_params in update:

                    if value_params:
                        c = connection.execute(
                                            statement.values(value_params),
                                            params)
                    else:
                        c = cached_connections[connection].\
                                            execute(statement, params)

                    mapper._postfetch(uowtransaction, table, 
                                        state, state_dict, c, 
                                        c.last_updated_params(), value_params)

                    rows += c.rowcount

                if connection.dialect.supports_sane_rowcount:
                    if rows != len(update):
                        raise orm_exc.StaleDataError(
                                "UPDATE statement on table '%s' expected to update %d row(s); "
                                "%d were matched." %
                                (table.description, len(update), rows))

                elif needs_version_id:
                    util.warn("Dialect %s does not support updated rowcount "
                            "- versioning cannot be verified." % 
                            c.dialect.dialect_description,
                            stacklevel=12)

            if insert:
                statement = self._memo(('insert', table), table.insert)

                for state, state_dict, params, mapper, \
                            connection, value_params in insert:

                    if value_params:
                        c = connection.execute(
                                            statement.values(value_params),
                                            params)
                    else:
                        c = cached_connections[connection].\
                                            execute(statement, params)

                    primary_key = c.inserted_primary_key

                    if primary_key is not None:
                        # set primary key attributes
                        for i, col in enumerate(mapper._pks_by_table[table]):
                            if mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
                                        state, state_dict, col) \
                                        is None and len(primary_key) > i:
                                mapper._set_state_attr_by_column(
                                        state, state_dict, col,
                                        primary_key[i])

                    mapper._postfetch(uowtransaction, table, 
                                        state, state_dict, c,
                                        c.last_inserted_params(),
                                        value_params)

        for state, state_dict, mapper, connection, has_identity, \
                        instance_key, row_switch in tups:

            # expire readonly attributes
            readonly = state.unmodified.intersection(
                p.key for p in mapper._readonly_props
            )

            if readonly:
                sessionlib._expire_state(state, state.dict, readonly)

            # if eager_defaults option is enabled,
            # refresh whatever has been expired.
            if self.eager_defaults and state.unloaded:
                state.key = self._identity_key_from_state(state)
                uowtransaction.session.query(self)._get(
                    state.key, refresh_state=state,
                    only_load_props=state.unloaded)

            # call after_XXX extensions
            if not has_identity:
                if 'after_insert' in mapper.extension:
                    mapper.extension.after_insert(
                                        mapper, connection, state.obj())
            else:
                if 'after_update' in mapper.extension:
                    mapper.extension.after_update(
                                        mapper, connection, state.obj())

    def _postfetch(self, uowtransaction, table, 
                        state, dict_, resultproxy, 
                        params, value_params):
        """During a flush, expire attributes in need of newly 
        persisted database state."""

        postfetch_cols = resultproxy.postfetch_cols()
        generated_cols = list(resultproxy.prefetch_cols())

        if self.polymorphic_on is not None:
            po = table.corresponding_column(self.polymorphic_on)
            if po is not None:
                generated_cols.append(po)

        if self.version_id_col is not None:
            generated_cols.append(self.version_id_col)

        for c in generated_cols:
            if c.key in params and c in self._columntoproperty:
                self._set_state_attr_by_column(state, dict_, c, params[c.key])

        if postfetch_cols:
            sessionlib._expire_state(state, state.dict, 
                                [self._columntoproperty[c].key 
                                for c in postfetch_cols if c in 
                                self._columntoproperty]
                            )

        # synchronize newly inserted ids from one table to the next
        # TODO: this still goes a little too often.  would be nice to
        # have definitive list of "columns that changed" here
        for m, equated_pairs in self._table_to_equated[table]:
            sync.populate(state, m, state, m, 
                                            equated_pairs, 
                                            uowtransaction,
                                            self.passive_updates)

    @util.memoized_property
    def _table_to_equated(self):
        """memoized map of tables to collections of columns to be 
        synchronized upwards to the base mapper."""

        result = util.defaultdict(list)

        for table in self._sorted_tables:
            cols = set(table.c)
            for m in self.iterate_to_root():
                if m._inherits_equated_pairs and \
                    cols.intersection(
                        [l for l, r in m._inherits_equated_pairs]):
                    result[table].append((m, m._inherits_equated_pairs))

        return result

    def _delete_obj(self, states, uowtransaction):
        """Issue ``DELETE`` statements for a list of objects.

        This is called within the context of a UOWTransaction during a
        flush operation.

        """
        if 'connection_callable' in uowtransaction.mapper_flush_opts:
            connection_callable = \
                    uowtransaction.mapper_flush_opts['connection_callable']
        else:
            connection = uowtransaction.transaction.connection(self)
            connection_callable = None

        tups = []
        cached_connections = util.PopulateDict(
            lambda conn:conn.execution_options(
            compiled_cache=self._compiled_cache
        ))

        for state in _sort_states(states):
            mapper = _state_mapper(state)

            if connection_callable:
                conn = connection_callable(self, state.obj())
            else:
                conn = connection

            if 'before_delete' in mapper.extension:
                mapper.extension.before_delete(mapper, conn, state.obj())

            tups.append((state, 
                    state.dict,
                    _state_mapper(state), 
                    state.has_identity,
                    conn))

        table_to_mapper = self._sorted_tables

        for table in reversed(table_to_mapper.keys()):
            delete = util.defaultdict(list)
            for state, state_dict, mapper, has_identity, connection in tups:
                if not has_identity or table not in mapper._pks_by_table:
                    continue

                params = {}
                delete[connection].append(params)
                for col in mapper._pks_by_table[table]:
                    params[col.key] = \
                            mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
                                            state, state_dict, col)
                if mapper.version_id_col is not None and \
                            table.c.contains_column(mapper.version_id_col):
                    params[mapper.version_id_col.key] = \
                                mapper._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
                                        state, state_dict,
                                        mapper.version_id_col)

            mapper = table_to_mapper[table]
            need_version_id = mapper.version_id_col is not None and \
                table.c.contains_column(mapper.version_id_col)

            def delete_stmt():
                clause = sql.and_()
                for col in mapper._pks_by_table[table]:
                    clause.clauses.append(
                            col == sql.bindparam(col.key, type_=col.type))

                if need_version_id:
                    clause.clauses.append(
                        mapper.version_id_col == 
                        sql.bindparam(
                                mapper.version_id_col.key, 
                                type_=mapper.version_id_col.type
                        )
                    )

                return table.delete(clause)

            for connection, del_objects in delete.iteritems():
                statement = self._memo(('delete', table), delete_stmt)
                rows = -1

                connection = cached_connections[connection]

                if need_version_id and \
                        not connection.dialect.supports_sane_multi_rowcount:
                    # TODO: need test coverage for this [ticket:1761]
                    if connection.dialect.supports_sane_rowcount:
                        rows = 0
                        # execute deletes individually so that versioned
                        # rows can be verified
                        for params in del_objects:
                            c = connection.execute(statement, params)
                            rows += c.rowcount
                    else:
                        util.warn(
                            "Dialect %s does not support deleted rowcount "
                            "- versioning cannot be verified." % 
                            c.dialect.dialect_description,
                            stacklevel=12)
                        connection.execute(statement, del_objects)
                else:
                    c = connection.execute(statement, del_objects)
                    if connection.dialect.supports_sane_multi_rowcount:
                        rows = c.rowcount

                if rows != -1 and rows != len(del_objects):
                    raise orm_exc.StaleDataError(
                        "DELETE statement on table '%s' expected to delete %d row(s); "
                        "%d were matched." % 
                        (table.description, len(del_objects), c.rowcount)
                    )

        for state, state_dict, mapper, has_identity, connection in tups:
            if 'after_delete' in mapper.extension:
                mapper.extension.after_delete(mapper, connection, state.obj())

    def _instance_processor(self, context, path, adapter, 
                                polymorphic_from=None, extension=None, 
                                only_load_props=None, refresh_state=None,
                                polymorphic_discriminator=None):

        """Produce a mapper level row processor callable 
           which processes rows into mapped instances."""

        pk_cols = self.primary_key

        if polymorphic_from or refresh_state:
            polymorphic_on = None
        else:
            if polymorphic_discriminator is not None:
                polymorphic_on = polymorphic_discriminator
            else:
                polymorphic_on = self.polymorphic_on
            polymorphic_instances = util.PopulateDict(
                                        self._configure_subclass_mapper(
                                                context, path, adapter)
                                        )

        version_id_col = self.version_id_col

        if adapter:
            pk_cols = [adapter.columns[c] for c in pk_cols]
            if polymorphic_on is not None:
                polymorphic_on = adapter.columns[polymorphic_on]
            if version_id_col is not None:
                version_id_col = adapter.columns[version_id_col]

        identity_class = self._identity_class
        def identity_key(row):
            return identity_class, tuple([row[column] for column in pk_cols])

        new_populators = []
        existing_populators = []
        load_path = context.query._current_path + path

        def populate_state(state, dict_, row, isnew, only_load_props):
            if isnew:
                if context.propagate_options:
                    state.load_options = context.propagate_options
                if state.load_options:
                    state.load_path = load_path

            if not new_populators:
                self._populators(context, path, row, adapter,
                                new_populators,
                                existing_populators
                )

            if isnew:
                populators = new_populators
            else:
                populators = existing_populators

            if only_load_props:
                populators = [p for p in populators 
                                if p[0] in only_load_props]

            for key, populator in populators:
                populator(state, dict_, row)

        session_identity_map = context.session.identity_map

        if not extension:
            extension = self.extension

        translate_row = extension.get('translate_row', None)
        create_instance = extension.get('create_instance', None)
        populate_instance = extension.get('populate_instance', None)
        append_result = extension.get('append_result', None)
        populate_existing = context.populate_existing or self.always_refresh
        if self.allow_partial_pks:
            is_not_primary_key = _none_set.issuperset
        else:
            is_not_primary_key = _none_set.issubset

        def _instance(row, result):
            if translate_row:
                ret = translate_row(self, context, row)
                if ret is not EXT_CONTINUE:
                    row = ret

            if polymorphic_on is not None:
                discriminator = row[polymorphic_on]
                if discriminator is not None:
                    _instance = polymorphic_instances[discriminator]
                    if _instance:
                        return _instance(row, result)

            # determine identity key
            if refresh_state:
                identitykey = refresh_state.key
                if identitykey is None:
                    # super-rare condition; a refresh is being called
                    # on a non-instance-key instance; this is meant to only
                    # occur within a flush()
                    identitykey = self._identity_key_from_state(refresh_state)
            else:
                identitykey = identity_key(row)

            instance = session_identity_map.get(identitykey)
            if instance is not None:
                state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
                dict_ = attributes.instance_dict(instance)

                isnew = state.runid != context.runid
                currentload = not isnew
                loaded_instance = False

                if not currentload and \
                        version_id_col is not None and \
                        context.version_check and \
                        self._get_state_attr_by_column(
                                state, 
                                dict_, 
                                self.version_id_col) != \
                                        row[version_id_col]:

                    raise orm_exc.StaleDataError(
                            "Instance '%s' has version id '%s' which "
                            "does not match database-loaded version id '%s'." 
                            % (state_str(state), 
                                self._get_state_attr_by_column(
                                            state, dict_,
                                            self.version_id_col),
                                    row[version_id_col]))
            elif refresh_state:
                # out of band refresh_state detected (i.e. its not in the
                # session.identity_map) honor it anyway.  this can happen 
                # if a _get() occurs within save_obj(), such as
                # when eager_defaults is True.
                state = refresh_state
                instance = state.obj()
                dict_ = attributes.instance_dict(instance)
                isnew = state.runid != context.runid
                currentload = True
                loaded_instance = False
            else:
                # check for non-NULL values in the primary key columns,
                # else no entity is returned for the row
                if is_not_primary_key(identitykey[1]):
                    return None

                isnew = True
                currentload = True
                loaded_instance = True

                if create_instance:
                    instance = create_instance(self, 
                                                context, 
                                                row, self.class_)
                    if instance is EXT_CONTINUE:
                        instance = self.class_manager.new_instance()
                    else:
                        manager = attributes.manager_of_class(
                                                instance.__class__)
                        # TODO: if manager is None, raise a friendly error
                        # about returning instances of unmapped types
                        manager.setup_instance(instance)
                else:
                    instance = self.class_manager.new_instance()

                dict_ = attributes.instance_dict(instance)
                state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
                state.key = identitykey

                # manually adding instance to session.  for a complete add,
                # session._finalize_loaded() must be called.
                state.session_id = context.session.hash_key
                session_identity_map.add(state)

            if currentload or populate_existing:
                if isnew:
                    state.runid = context.runid
                    context.progress[state] = dict_

                if not populate_instance or \
                        populate_instance(self, context, row, instance, 
                            only_load_props=only_load_props, 
                            instancekey=identitykey, isnew=isnew) is \
                            EXT_CONTINUE:
                    populate_state(state, dict_, row, isnew, only_load_props)

            else:
                # populate attributes on non-loading instances which have 
                # been expired
                # TODO: apply eager loads to un-lazy loaded collections ?
                if state in context.partials or state.unloaded:

                    if state in context.partials:
                        isnew = False
                        (d_, attrs) = context.partials[state]
                    else:
                        isnew = True
                        attrs = state.unloaded
                        # allow query.instances to commit the subset of attrs
                        context.partials[state] = (dict_, attrs)

                    if not populate_instance or \
                            populate_instance(self, context, row, instance, 
                                only_load_props=attrs, 
                                instancekey=identitykey, isnew=isnew) is \
                                EXT_CONTINUE:
                        populate_state(state, dict_, row, isnew, attrs)

            if loaded_instance:
                state._run_on_load(instance)

            if result is not None and \
                        (not append_result or 
                            append_result(self, context, row, instance, 
                                    result, instancekey=identitykey,
                                    isnew=isnew) 
                                    is EXT_CONTINUE):
                result.append(instance)

            return instance
        return _instance

    def _populators(self, context, path, row, adapter,
            new_populators, existing_populators):
        """Produce a collection of attribute level row processor callables."""

        delayed_populators = []
        for prop in self._props.itervalues():
            newpop, existingpop, delayedpop = prop.create_row_processor(
                                                    context, path, 
                                                    self, row, adapter)
            if newpop:
                new_populators.append((prop.key, newpop))
            if existingpop:
                existing_populators.append((prop.key, existingpop))
            if delayedpop:
                delayed_populators.append((prop.key, delayedpop))
        if delayed_populators:
            new_populators.extend(delayed_populators)

    def _configure_subclass_mapper(self, context, path, adapter):
        """Produce a mapper level row processor callable factory for mappers
        inheriting this one."""

        def configure_subclass_mapper(discriminator):
            try:
                mapper = self.polymorphic_map[discriminator]
            except KeyError:
                raise AssertionError(
                        "No such polymorphic_identity %r is defined" %
                        discriminator)
            if mapper is self:
                return None

            # replace the tip of the path info with the subclass mapper 
            # being used. that way accurate "load_path" info is available 
            # for options invoked during deferred loads.
            # we lose AliasedClass path elements this way, but currently,
            # those are not needed at this stage.

            # this asserts to true
            #assert mapper.isa(_class_to_mapper(path[-1]))

            return mapper._instance_processor(context, path[0:-1] + (mapper,), 
                                                    adapter,
                                                    polymorphic_from=self)
        return configure_subclass_mapper

log.class_logger(Mapper)


def reconstructor(fn):
    """Decorate a method as the 'reconstructor' hook.

    Designates a method as the "reconstructor", an ``__init__``-like
    method that will be called by the ORM after the instance has been
    loaded from the database or otherwise reconstituted.

    The reconstructor will be invoked with no arguments.  Scalar
    (non-collection) database-mapped attributes of the instance will
    be available for use within the function.  Eagerly-loaded
    collections are generally not yet available and will usually only
    contain the first element.  ORM state changes made to objects at
    this stage will not be recorded for the next flush() operation, so
    the activity within a reconstructor should be conservative.

    """
    fn.__sa_reconstructor__ = True
    return fn

def validates(*names):
    """Decorate a method as a 'validator' for one or more named properties.

    Designates a method as a validator, a method which receives the
    name of the attribute as well as a value to be assigned, or in the
    case of a collection to be added to the collection.  The function
    can then raise validation exceptions to halt the process from continuing,
    or can modify or replace the value before proceeding.   The function
    should otherwise return the given value.

    Note that a validator for a collection **cannot** issue a load of that
    collection within the validation routine - this usage raises
    an assertion to avoid recursion overflows.  This is a reentrant
    condition which is not supported.

    """
    def wrap(fn):
        fn.__sa_validators__ = names
        return fn
    return wrap

def _event_on_init(state, instance, args, kwargs):
    """Trigger mapper compilation and run init_instance hooks."""

    instrumenting_mapper = state.manager.info[_INSTRUMENTOR]
    # compile() always compiles all mappers
    instrumenting_mapper.compile()
    if 'init_instance' in instrumenting_mapper.extension:
        instrumenting_mapper.extension.init_instance(
            instrumenting_mapper, instrumenting_mapper.class_,
            state.manager.events.original_init,
            instance, args, kwargs)

def _event_on_init_failure(state, instance, args, kwargs):
    """Run init_failed hooks."""

    instrumenting_mapper = state.manager.info[_INSTRUMENTOR]
    if 'init_failed' in instrumenting_mapper.extension:
        util.warn_exception(
            instrumenting_mapper.extension.init_failed,
            instrumenting_mapper, instrumenting_mapper.class_,
            state.manager.events.original_init, instance, args, kwargs)

def _event_on_resurrect(state, instance):
    # re-populate the primary key elements
    # of the dict based on the mapping.
    instrumenting_mapper = state.manager.info[_INSTRUMENTOR]
    for col, val in zip(instrumenting_mapper.primary_key, state.key[1]):
        instrumenting_mapper._set_state_attr_by_column(
                                        state, state.dict, col, val)


def _sort_states(states):
    ret = []
    for haskey, g in groupby(states, key=lambda s:s.key is not None):
        if haskey:
            ret.extend(sorted(g, key=lambda st: st.key[1]))
        else:
            ret = sorted(g, key=operator.attrgetter("insert_order")) + ret
    return ret

def _load_scalar_attributes(state, attribute_names):
    """initiate a column-based attribute refresh operation."""

    mapper = _state_mapper(state)
    session = sessionlib._state_session(state)
    if not session:
        raise orm_exc.DetachedInstanceError(
                    "Instance %s is not bound to a Session; "
                    "attribute refresh operation cannot proceed" %
                    (state_str(state)))

    has_key = state.has_identity

    result = False

    if mapper.inherits and not mapper.concrete:
        statement = mapper._optimized_get_statement(state, attribute_names)
        if statement is not None:
            result = session.query(mapper).from_statement(statement).\
                                    _get(None, 
                                        only_load_props=attribute_names, 
                                        refresh_state=state)

    if result is False:
        if has_key:
            identity_key = state.key
        else:
            # this codepath is rare - only valid when inside a flush, and the
            # object is becoming persistent but hasn't yet been assigned an identity_key.
            # check here to ensure we have the attrs we need.
            pk_attrs = [mapper._columntoproperty[col].key
                        for col in mapper.primary_key]
            if state.expired_attributes.intersection(pk_attrs):
                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError("Instance %s cannot be refreshed - it's not "
                                                " persistent and does not "
                                                "contain a full primary key." % state_str(state))
            identity_key = mapper._identity_key_from_state(state)

        if (_none_set.issubset(identity_key) and \
                not mapper.allow_partial_pks) or \
                _none_set.issuperset(identity_key):
            util.warn("Instance %s to be refreshed doesn't "
                        "contain a full primary key - can't be refreshed "
                        "(and shouldn't be expired, either)." 
                        % state_str(state))
            return

        result = session.query(mapper)._get(
                                            identity_key, 
                                            refresh_state=state, 
                                            only_load_props=attribute_names)

    # if instance is pending, a refresh operation 
    # may not complete (even if PK attributes are assigned)
    if has_key and result is None:
        raise orm_exc.ObjectDeletedError(
                            "Instance '%s' has been deleted." % 
                            state_str(state))


class _ColumnMapping(util.py25_dict):
    """Error reporting helper for mapper._columntoproperty."""

    def __init__(self, mapper):
        self.mapper = mapper

    def __missing__(self, column):
        prop = self.mapper._props.get(column)
        if prop:
            raise orm_exc.UnmappedColumnError(
                "Column '%s.%s' is not available, due to "
                "conflicting property '%s':%r" % (
                    column.table.name, column.name, column.key, prop))
        raise orm_exc.UnmappedColumnError(
            "No column %s is configured on mapper %s..." %
            (column, self.mapper))
